International Conference
on innovative educational content management and Digital Printing:
Proceedings, Athens – Greece, 30 and 31 October 2003; ISBN 960-85908-4-1;
Published by Politis Research
Designing and customising new screening elements for digital
printing technologies - a Tool for graphic designers
Ivana Žiljak, dipl. designer
Faculty of Gaphic Arts
Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract:
The paper is on screening techniques that are made possible
by computer programming and are carried out in digital printing. Designing
graphic products in a new way is carried out for digital printing
techniques, the only ones that can provide large edition individualization.
This paper also refers to new areas of a graphic designer’s activities
in creating the printout of his products. This means that besides
creating the visual material, graphic designer has direct influence
in creating the screening element. Today vector and pixel graphics
are reproduced in AM or FM dot screening where in the greatest majority
of cases high resolution is used. Rare are the cases where screening
and its visual possibilities are accentuated, and the top examples
are drawn elements or small pictures.
The paper is proposing completely new possibilities of visual communication
and special applications. Every pixel and vector graphics, i.e. printed
material may have their individual screening. Screening is controlled
with a very simple mathematical function that represents a special
configuration in it’s 2D or 3D format.
The configuration may be a completely abstract one, but may also be
figurative - descriptive. Thus instead of a screening dot we may create
a propeller, a grain of coffee or something abstract. The abstract
may be given as a number from somebody’s personal documents, for instance,
- date of birth or house number. Each designer may have his own screening
as a signature, each printing house may have their own screenings.
Screenings defined with personal numbers are ideal for personal identification
documents.
The most significant screening use is in the printed material’s visual
message interpretation. It may be visible if the lpi is lowor "hidden"
if the lpi is high - high resolution. All vector and pixel graphics
configurations may be interpreted with completely new screening elements.
We need generators of new solutions for such projects so the paper
demonstrates the procedures for creating new screening elements.
Ivana image with R24 mountain screening element in grayscale
mode
Introduction
This paper is about vector and pixel graphics rasterization
with specially designed screening forms as new graphic designer tools.
This paper gives the solution for programming and application of new
screening elements that will be required by digital printing techniques.
It also provides an authentic PostScript programming code. Each function
may be proven and repeated by including the function in the picture
record.
Raster application may be very extensive. It is possible to experience
many shades of one color with the help of rasters, and frequency is
adjusted depending on the paper type and color. Screening elements
themselves may be in the function of the design itself and may be
sending a visual message. As image processing programs have the means
to separate images, and to make floating layers, each picture element
may have it’s separate screening elements. Therefore, it is suggested
that all programs for processing pixel or vector images (like FreeHannd,
Illustrator, PhotoShop, Quark ...) should have installed automatic
dialing of raster type, frequency and angle of progress. In all cases
where nature is not copied in true form, the use of “invented” raster
forms is suggested. A screening element may be illustrative or abstract
if it is derived from random numbers, as for instance the number sequence
from one’s identification documents.
Digital Printing and the Need for New Raster Forms
If a continuous shade of color is achieved with the help of a raster,
it is required that a raster element, whether it is big or small must
change it’s form as well. For instance, if the raster element is a
cross, this would mean that it should change continuously, depending
on the planned blackening in the defined microstructure. An example
of continuous raster element change is given herewith. An original
PostScript code is given for each example.
In those cases where we need solutions with lines only, I suggest
that the linear graphics be done by rasterization over the object
placed underneath. If a raster element in the form of a wave is set,
programming of the background is recommended to be alternating continuous
rich color shading. However, it is necessary to have an algorithm
for such a raster element design. This may be, for instance, the date
of birth (day, month, year) of the person in the picture. Through
low frequency rasterization for this picture segment, one may get
a line background that is impossible to interpret with vector graphics
programs.
The next step of application is the use of two or more colors with
different forms of raster elements, for each color separately. Low
frequency rasters will provide a unique raster richness experience.
Such a three-color solution was applied for our paper money (Kuna)
and this year’s new edition was improved. Today we are planning to
make solutions for each specialized application with the help of spot
vector rasterization, but with such rasters that will be applied only
once.
Several new screening elements have been described in this paper
and the reader will be able to modify screening element through the
original code. These rasters may be used in vector or pixel graphics
for printing.
Mathematical definition of raster elements R23- leaf
and R24- mountain
Direct Graphic Design Programming
The programmed screening element does not put too much load on the
memory nor computer speed. Raster realization takes place of memory
only in the display phase or document printout. Forms of such tiny
elements are not recorded anywhere in the memory. There are no Bezier
dots that are so characteristic for vector graphics. There is only
the algorithm as to how something is processed, how the drawing for
display, i.e. for printing is carried out. There is an increasing
demand for programmable graphics that are not recorded as vector or
pixel graphics. A designer may use an infinite number of raster elements
in one document, he may plan these elements in several layers and
they may be visualized with the help of the screen or printer.
As was pointed out earlier, programmed graphics are generated during
display. This paper gives PostScript algorithms bared to their maximum
and simplified for vector graphics rasterization with new raster forms.
Further serious thinking about algorithm structure should bring about
the creating of an enormous raster form library, and this will enhance
the individualization movement in the printing business.
Programmable graphics are generated graphics, generated design created
on basis of algorithms, mathematical procedures, parameter tricks.
Although this paper does not go into the fractal area, let us just
mention the fact that programmable fractals are the most interesting
part in the development of individualization in design and digital
printing. Fractal principle application will enhance the raster cell
microstructure. New proposals for FM development will be derived,
especially in the area of printing application with some ten different
colors.
PostScript Solutions
Ivana image with R24 mountain screening element in magenta channel
/LIN 10 def
/KUT 45 def
/r24 {dup 3 2 roll 3 mul exch sub abs add 2 div 1 exch sub 0.2 mul}
def
LIN KUT {r24} bind setscreen
50 600 translate
/pixl 3 def
/dpixl 1 pixl div def
50 50 8 [dpixl 0 0 dpixl neg 0 0]
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image
showpage
Ivana image with R23 leaf screening element in yellow channel
/LIN 10 def
/KUT 45 def
/r23 {dup 2 exp 3 1 roll sub abs 2 div add 1 exch sub } def
LIN KUT {r23} bind setscreen
50 600 translate
/pixl 3 def
/dpixl 1 pixl div def
50 50 8 [dpixl 0 0 dpixl neg 0 0]
{<
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Conclusion
In this paper the designer is dealing with screening internal structure
by which a new visual code and individualization is achieved.
The use of low frequency visible lines makes a design more refined.
The question is how to make interesting raster structures that are
not surrounding us in our everyday lives. Individualization has shaken
up the field of graphics, first through protected document printing,
and then through a wide field of different product application. Individualization
everywhere, anyplace, anytime, carried out in all types of technologies.
We are concentrating on raster individualization. The initiator or
seed for starting to generate a sequence of random numbers for raster
form choice may be taken from personal data. For instance, date of
birth, or car register number.
Such thinking will bring us to individualized printing on the level
of a raster cell, and only the person having the initial number and
algorithm for rasterization could repeat the design. This paper should
encourage designers to use new ideas in rastering their graphic ideas.
It should also encourage vector and pixel graphics program designers
to include such a raster basis into their programs. This is an open
proposal for Indesign, Photoshop, Freehand, Ilustrator... program
designers to install into their designs tools for choosing screening
elements in respect to form, lines, and angle of development for each
layer separately. This would enhance the graphic design and open the
possibility for new interpretations of complex solutions.
Bibliography
#1 Munchen Article + our web page =
http://www.ziljak.hr/vilko/VZbiografija/INDEX.HTM
#2 Canada Article + our web page =
http://www.ziljak.hr/vilko/VZbiografija/INDEX.HTM
#3 Galleries with Computer Graphics VŽ
#3 IARIGAI 2003 Dubrovnik, Article: Newscreening elements in multi-colour
printing for special purposes
